Computes the Deviance Information Criterion using the variance-based
effective-parameters formula from Gelman et al. (2004): pD = 0.5 * Var(D).
This is more stable than the plug-in alternative for multimodal posteriors.
Details
DIC is retained for backward compatibility and rough comparison. For
principled Bayesian model comparison, prefer calculate_loo() or
calculate_waic() (Vehtari, Gelman, Gabry 2017).
